1 Introduction

2 Background

3 Descriptive analysis

3.1 Overview

some figure

3.2 Exploratory Analysis

3.2.1 Univariate Analysis

3.2.1.1 Predictor Variables

3.2.1.2 Response Variables

3.2.2 Multivariate Analysis

4 Inferential analysis

## 
## t test of coefficients:
## 
##              Estimate Std. Error t value  Pr(>|t|)    
## unemp      -0.0567273  0.0071020 -7.9875 3.715e-14 ***
## jailyes    -0.0075778  0.1245342 -0.0608 0.9515232    
## drinkage19 -0.0421462  0.0662733 -0.6359 0.5253372    
## drinkage20 -0.0223700  0.0726344 -0.3080 0.7583287    
## drinkage21  0.0520453  0.0696946  0.7468 0.4558406    
## beertax    -0.5877703  0.1716524 -3.4242 0.0007099 ***
## spirits     0.6944051  0.0802470  8.6533 4.154e-16 ***
## dry         0.0279848  0.0134966  2.0735 0.0390522 *  
## serviceyes  0.0361896  0.1439526  0.2514 0.8016915    
## breathyes   0.0206776  0.0506726  0.4081 0.6835426    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = fatal_r ~ unemp + jail + drinkage + beertax + spirits + 
##     dry + service + breath, data = data, model = "within", index = c("state", 
##     "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 48, T = 6-7, N = 335
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -0.4718637 -0.0788562  0.0018826  0.0794093  0.6230710 
## 
## Coefficients:
##              Estimate Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## unemp      -0.0567273  0.0071020 -7.9875 3.715e-14 ***
## jailyes    -0.0075778  0.1245342 -0.0608 0.9515232    
## drinkage19 -0.0421462  0.0662733 -0.6359 0.5253372    
## drinkage20 -0.0223700  0.0726344 -0.3080 0.7583287    
## drinkage21  0.0520453  0.0696946  0.7468 0.4558406    
## beertax    -0.5877703  0.1716524 -3.4242 0.0007099 ***
## spirits     0.6944051  0.0802470  8.6533 4.154e-16 ***
## dry         0.0279848  0.0134966  2.0735 0.0390522 *  
## serviceyes  0.0361896  0.1439526  0.2514 0.8016915    
## breathyes   0.0206776  0.0506726  0.4081 0.6835426    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    10.785
## Residual Sum of Squares: 7.3356
## R-Squared:      0.31982
## Adj. R-Squared: 0.17986
## F-statistic: 13.0247 on 10 and 277 DF, p-value: < 2.22e-16
## 
## t test of coefficients:
## 
##              Estimate Std. Error t value  Pr(>|t|)    
## unemp      -0.0133817  0.0055587 -2.4073   0.01672 *  
## jailyes     0.2039941  0.0974724  2.0928   0.03727 *  
## drinkage19  0.0370111  0.0518718  0.7135   0.47613    
## drinkage20  0.0122483  0.0568506  0.2154   0.82958    
## drinkage21  0.0302554  0.0545496  0.5546   0.57959    
## beertax    -0.2039728  0.1343515 -1.5182   0.13010    
## spirits     0.3989548  0.0628089  6.3519 8.692e-10 ***
## dry         0.0048993  0.0105637  0.4638   0.64316    
## serviceyes -0.1983558  0.1126710 -1.7605   0.07943 .  
## breathyes  -0.0152399  0.0396612 -0.3843   0.70109    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## Oneway (individual) effect Within Model
## 
## Call:
## plm(formula = afatal_r ~ unemp + jail + drinkage + beertax + 
##     spirits + dry + service + breath, data = data, model = "within", 
##     index = c("state", "year"))
## 
## Unbalanced Panel: n = 48, T = 6-7, N = 335
## 
## Residuals:
##       Min.    1st Qu.     Median    3rd Qu.       Max. 
## -0.9489734 -0.0571550 -0.0073183  0.0504910  0.4753808 
## 
## Coefficients:
##              Estimate Std. Error t-value  Pr(>|t|)    
## unemp      -0.0133817  0.0055587 -2.4073   0.01672 *  
## jailyes     0.2039941  0.0974724  2.0928   0.03727 *  
## drinkage19  0.0370111  0.0518718  0.7135   0.47613    
## drinkage20  0.0122483  0.0568506  0.2154   0.82958    
## drinkage21  0.0302554  0.0545496  0.5546   0.57959    
## beertax    -0.2039728  0.1343515 -1.5182   0.13010    
## spirits     0.3989548  0.0628089  6.3519 8.692e-10 ***
## dry         0.0048993  0.0105637  0.4638   0.64316    
## serviceyes -0.1983558  0.1126710 -1.7605   0.07943 .  
## breathyes  -0.0152399  0.0396612 -0.3843   0.70109    
## ---
## Signif. codes:  0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
## 
## Total Sum of Squares:    5.3854
## Residual Sum of Squares: 4.4939
## R-Squared:      0.16555
## Adj. R-Squared: -0.0061595
## F-statistic: 5.49553 on 10 and 277 DF, p-value: 1.8671e-07

5 Sensitivity analysis

6 Causal interpretation

7 Discussion

Acknowledgement

Reference

Session info

## R version 4.0.3 (2020-10-10)
## Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64 (64-bit)
## Running under: Windows 10 x64 (build 18363)
## 
## Matrix products: default
## 
## locale:
## [1] LC_COLLATE=English_United States.1252 
## [2] LC_CTYPE=English_United States.1252   
## [3] LC_MONETARY=English_United States.1252
## [4] LC_NUMERIC=C                          
## [5] LC_TIME=English_United States.1252    
## 
## attached base packages:
## [1] grid      stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods  
## [8] base     
## 
## other attached packages:
##  [1] plm_2.4-0       gplots_3.1.1    panelr_0.7.5    lme4_1.1-25    
##  [5] Matrix_1.2-18   GGally_2.0.0    forcats_0.5.0   stringr_1.4.0  
##  [9] dplyr_1.0.2     purrr_0.3.4     readr_1.4.0     tidyr_1.1.2    
## [13] tibble_3.0.4    tidyverse_1.3.0 plotly_4.9.2.1  ggplot2_3.3.2  
## [17] AER_1.2-9       survival_3.2-7  sandwich_3.0-0  lmtest_0.9-38  
## [21] zoo_1.8-8       car_3.0-10      carData_3.0-4  
## 
## loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
##  [1] nlme_3.1-150       bitops_1.0-6       fs_1.5.0           lubridate_1.7.9.2 
##  [5] RColorBrewer_1.1-2 httr_1.4.2         tools_4.0.3        backports_1.2.0   
##  [9] R6_2.5.0           KernSmooth_2.23-18 DBI_1.1.0          lazyeval_0.2.2    
## [13] colorspace_2.0-0   withr_2.3.0        tidyselect_1.1.0   gridExtra_2.3     
## [17] curl_4.3           compiler_4.0.3     cli_2.2.0          rvest_0.3.6       
## [21] xml2_1.3.2         labeling_0.4.2     caTools_1.18.0     scales_1.1.1      
## [25] digest_0.6.27      minqa_1.2.4        foreign_0.8-80     rmarkdown_2.5     
## [29] rio_0.5.16         pkgconfig_2.0.3    htmltools_0.5.0    dbplyr_2.0.0      
## [33] htmlwidgets_1.5.2  rlang_0.4.8        readxl_1.3.1       rstudioapi_0.13   
## [37] generics_0.1.0     farver_2.0.3       jsonlite_1.7.1     gtools_3.8.2      
## [41] crosstalk_1.1.0.1  zip_2.1.1          magrittr_2.0.1     Formula_1.2-4     
## [45] Rcpp_1.0.5         munsell_0.5.0      fansi_0.4.2        abind_1.4-5       
## [49] lifecycle_0.2.0    stringi_1.5.3      yaml_2.2.1         gbRd_0.4-11       
## [53] MASS_7.3-53        plyr_1.8.6         bdsmatrix_1.3-4    crayon_1.3.4      
## [57] lattice_0.20-41    haven_2.3.1        splines_4.0.3      pander_0.6.3      
## [61] jtools_2.1.2       hms_0.5.3          knitr_1.30         pillar_1.4.7      
## [65] boot_1.3-25        reprex_1.0.0       glue_1.4.2         evaluate_0.14     
## [69] data.table_1.13.2  modelr_0.1.8       Rdpack_2.1         nloptr_1.2.2.2    
## [73] vctrs_0.3.5        miscTools_0.6-26   cellranger_1.1.0   gtable_0.3.0      
## [77] reshape_0.8.8      assertthat_0.2.1   xfun_0.19          openxlsx_4.2.3    
## [81] rbibutils_2.0      broom_0.7.2        viridisLite_0.3.0  maxLik_1.4-6      
## [85] statmod_1.4.35     ellipsis_0.3.1